The unparalleled economic growth of the People’s Republic of China (hereafter China, or the PRC) has resulted in a paradigm shift in its legal regime. Once a comparatively closed market to the world, China now faces an unprecedented surge of international business and movement of global...

Comparisons between rules and standards often involve enforcement costs. According to conventional wisdom, rules are cheaper to enforce than standards. We identify an additional trade-off by exploring an inverse proposition: not enforcing a rule is costlier than not enforcing a standard. Failing...

Very little is known about the efficient collection of fines despite their indispensable contribution to local government budgets. This paper fills an important gap in the literature by studying the effectiveness of deterrence (enforcement) and non-deterrence (social norms) letters that aim to...

This Article creates a paradigm for future studies of the role of Transnational Legal Process in the field of the interface between trade and competition policy to enhance a legal-based trade relationship between countries. It suggests that essential synergies that exist between trade and...

Policing sometimes requires the use of force for legitimate purposes: arresting, searching, protecting others, or protecting oneself. The decision to use force requires an officer to weigh the security needs of himself or herself, the needs of others, and the operational needs presented by the...

We exploit enforcement actions for violations of the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act in non-OECD countries to study the effect of anti-bribery enforcement on unpunished firms. Firms in the same country-industry as the violator experience significant increases in revenue (+6.4%) and asset...

Are elected politicians treated more leniently when facing criminal charges? I present evidence of judicial discretion for the largest democracy in the world, India. Using a regression discontinuity design, I compare the probability of a pending criminal case being closed without conviction at...

This article examines the empirical incidence of the private and public enforcement of disclosure laws in Australia. Disclosure laws aim to ensure the reduction of information asymmetries and the accuracy of share prices, but their success is predicated on enforcement. In order to assess the...

This chapter provides a brief introduction to the scholarly conversation concerning burdens of persuasion. An adequate account of burdens must first explain what case-related facts the burden draws upon to produce outcomes. I review a variety of answers to this question, including probability...