Financial penalties are often not the most important method of enforcement of data privacy laws. But they are easier to obtain (though still a non-trivial task), and can be extracted from the records of courts, data protection authorities (DPAs), government agencies, and other authorities...

This chapter aims to assess the tensions between diversity of national procedural and tort systems of Member States and attempts by EU institutions, especially the CJEU, to maintain the effectiveness of Articles 101 and 102 TFEU through a private enforcement of EU competition law. While...

As suggested by empirical evidence, law enforcement in one market often results in adverse effects in others. Current theoretical models are ill-suited to investigate this, because while we already know much about the optimal law enforcement for a single market or multiple but independent...

Taxation is one of the few things that we can take as a given in life. People will always look for ways to minimize the tax burdens that governments seek to impose on them. Indeed, there is a very well-developed industry devoted to that end. How should governments proceed? We develop an economic...

The GAI filed this Comment with the Canadian Competition Bureau in response to the Bureau's request for public feedback on draft Guidance on Wage-Fixing and No-Poaching Agreements. Such agreements will be subject to a new statute (subsection 45(1.1), Canadian Competition Act) taking effect June...

International human rights law is generally thought to apply directly to states, not to corporations since the latter is not a subject of international law. Some domestic courts are, however, enforcing these norms against corporations in domestic settings. Canadian courts have, for instance,...

Parties engaged in international commercial transactions often face complex disputes due to differing nationalities, laws, and legal systems. To resolve issues arising from the complexities of international commercial transactions, arbitration is commonly chosen to provide a suitable platform...

In today’s reality, technology is to be a core aspect of our life. More and more people interact through social media and other methods such as messengers. However, recently, another innovation that started to be trendy is named the metaverse. It permits people to have the next level of...

The United Nations Convention on International Settlement Agreements Resulting from Mediation (the “Singapore Convention”) is designed to enforce commercial dispute settlements resulting from international mediation. One of the critical legal issues raised in the Singapore Convention is the...

Accepting the argument made by Manne, Epstein and others that firms wishing to allow their employees to insider trade should be permitted to do so, this article shows that there is still a crucial role for government in regulating insider trading. In particular, allowing employees to profit by...