Who bears the costs of tax enforcement? Using a reform enforcing value added tax (VAT) on previously non-compliant large retailers in Armenia, we estimate that only one-third of the enforcement burden was passed onto consumers through higher prices. In contrast, we show that the incidence of...

The recent European Union (EU) proposal to harmonize criminal penalties for sanctions violations across its member states purports to be an ambitious initiative to create a consistent approach to sanctions enforcement across the Union. However, the proposal falls short of the reform needed to...

What should we do with a magic wand? The revision of the merger guidelines offers an opportunity to update and improve the foundational texts of U.S. merger control, as well as dangers. The guidelines’ status as a critical enforcement asset is a function of judicial confidence that the...

The Covid-19 pandemic has exposed societal incapacities and underbelly in its inadequate institutional, infrastructural, policy and legal regime to promote continuous international trade and development policies in the face of external disruptions. International trade and commerce forms part of...

The empirical research in this article relies on a data set including all national court decisions on recognition, enforcement and setting aside (vacatur) of international commercial arbitration awards available in the Kluwer database that were rendered from 1 January 2010 to 1 June 2020. Within...

The deadline for the transposition of Directive (EU) 2019/790 (the CDSM Directive) into national law expired on 7 June 2021. Some EU Member States have failed to perform the transposition, and so they also failed to introduce the new obligations under Article 17 prescribing brand new...

Consumers generally rely on trademarks to navigate consumption choices. Consumers use trademarks as a convenient way to decide whether to purchase products and services in adjacent markets. Part I of this Chapter explores AI’s liberating effect on bounded rationality and consumers’ need to...