Liberalization of long-distance railway passenger services in the European Union was scheduled for December 2020. The Spanish infrastructure manager decided that the Spanish high-speed network was congested so an optimization plan would be needed to accommodate newcomers and ensure an...

This paper demonstrates that recent results suggesting a positive relationship between banking deregulation and entrepreneurship are very sensitive to estimation assumptions. When heteroskedasticity and autocorrelation are corrected for, branching deregulation is shown to have no effect and the...

Professions and public bounded professions act in an economic and social political range with its poles characterized by the state and the free market. This study considers privitatization and deregulation for the professions and public bounded professions under economic aspects. After...

This article explores actual market outcomes in a deregulated mortgage market to ascertain if market discipline can be relied upon to ensure safe and sound loan products. In part one of this article the bank regulators' decisions to deregulate the mortgage market are set forth. In part two the...

The EU proposal on liberalisation of the energy markets has been widely debated in policy, stakeholder and academic circles both for its content and the potential consequences to the gas and electricity markets. However, little has been said about the empirical evidence produced by the European...

Thirty years ago, a vast share of the poor and middle income countries were heavily state-controlled. The effects of the liberalizations in the 1980s and 1990s differed strongly between regions in Africa, Asia and Europe. This paper first documents these differences in reform effects in a...

How do restrictions on entry and output affect aggregate productivity? I propose and implement a simple methodology that empirically identifies their separate effects on aggregate TFP and apply it to an analysis of the policy of industrial licensing in India. The licensing policy was notably...

We analyse retailer and household behaviour on the Norwegian electricity market, based on detailed information on prices and other market characteristics. We find that there exists a competitive market segment where a number of retailers compete fiercely for customers, with small margins on all...

Pessimism has been rampant in many EU-countries over the last decade, largely fed by lagging productivity growth in the EU since the late 1990s and a perception that the US has a superior economic model. This perception has led to the view that the only way to restore higher levels of...