During the Progressive Era at the beginning of the 20th century, the United States replaced litigation by regulation as … enforcement strategy between litigation and regulation based on the idea that justice can be subverted with sufficient expenditure … environment of significant inequality of wealth and political power. The switch to regulation can then be seen as an efficient …

The effectiveness of environmental regulation is limited by the extent to which those regulations are enforced. Profit …-maximizing firms will comply with a regulation if the expected net benefits of compliance are greater than the expected net benefits of … usually assume that regulatory agencies know all of the entities subject to regulation. But constant entry and exit of firms …

Transnational private regulation (TPR) is a growing phenomenon. It creates new markets and dissolves old ones. TPR … contributes to the regulation of existing markets, it increases the protection of fundamental rights and it enables or disables … presents new characteristics departing from more conventional forms of domestic self-regulation. It reflects a transfer of …