Argentina's vast networks of national, provincial, and rural roads, spanning more than 240,000 kilometers, are critical for the country's growth and development. However, climate change-induced hydrological extremes often disrupt road travel and raise logistics costs. The objective of this study...

The World Bank (WB) has been monitoring closely the developments of Fast Payment Systems (FPS) by central banks and private players across the globe. This comprehensive study of FPS implementations across the world has resulted in the design of a policy toolkit on the implementation of FPS, in...

Climate change and environmental risks are increasingly recognized as a concern for financial authorities, yet empirical evidence of the damage for bank balance sheets is relatively scant. This paper provides preliminary estimates of the aggregate impact of physical risks from climate and...

Urbanization combined with climate change are exacerbating water scarcity for an increasing number of the world's emerging cities. Water and sanitation infrastructure, which in the first place was largely built to cater only to a small subsector of developing city populations during colonial...

Historical losses due to hurricanes have been significant in Sint Maarten (SXM) since 1960, with the most severe impact having been experienced in 2017 following Hurricane Irma. The objective of this report is to provide recommendations to the Government of Sint Maarten (GoSXM) for the...

This Urban Flood Risk Handbook: Assessing Risk and Identifying Interventions is a roadmap for conducting an urban flood risk assessment in any city in the world. It includes practical guidance for a flood risk assessment project, covering the key hazard and risk modeling stages as well as the...

Somalia's natural and human geography is shaped by its harsh climate. Lying at the eastern extremity of the Sahel, Somalia has an arid to semi-arid climate. The country is in the midst of a prolonged and complex climate disaster, which shows little sign of abating. It has recently endured its...

The authors investigate key climate change hazards affecting Nepali households and livelihoods: river flooding, heat exposure, drought, landslides, and air pollution. The authors analyze the distributional impacts of these hazards by combining spatial distributions of exposure with measures of...