Airlines often route passengers on connecting flights through hubs. Despite theprevalence of connecting service, airline research focuses on nonstop routes. We estimatethe propagation of shocks to fares on nonstop routes to fares on connectingroutes that include those nonstop routes as a leg. We...

The shipping industry carries over 90 percent of the world's trade, and is hence a major contributor to CO2 and other airborne emissions. As a global effort to reduce air pollution from ships, the implementation of the ECA (Emission Control Areas) regulations has given rise to the wide usage of...