This book systematically addresses the issue of interdependence between road projects in a network, when prioritising and scheduling road expansion and maintenance. The book presents substantial applications for both rural and urban projects and to the optimization of maintenance. The authors...

This study proposes a modified Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm based on Hummingbird Flight (HBF) patterns to enhance the search quality and population diversity. The HBF has five concepts: (1) Smaller steps toward position updating are more likely than larger ones, (2) Position...