Since 2004, Estonia has been a member of the European Union. With the Treaty of Accession the terms and conditions were set for the Estonian energy sector for compliance with the EU legal acts and the objectives of energy and environmental policies: 1) increase of the share of electricity...

The scenario method is used to investigate whether or not an energy supply system entirely based upon renewable energy sources (solar radiation, wind, biomass, environmental heat and hydro) can supply the energy globally required by the mid-21st century. A geographical information system (GIS)...

This paper presents two novel dynamic controllers for the Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM) device to stabilise Stand-Alone Wind Energy Conversion Systems (SWECS) using an induction generator. The unified AC system wind energy conversion scheme is connected to a hybrid electric load. The...

This paper analyses the influence of government policy on the promotion of wind power in different countries in Europe with focus on the development in Denmark. It is concluded that government policy has had a decisive effect on wind power implementation in the first phase of the modern wind...

In recent years, the structure and level of energy consumption in the rural areas of Jiangsu Province, a large province of China in terms of economic development and population, have been changing rapidly. Total energy consumption was about 61 Mtce in 1997, of which 63.0%, 9.7% and 27.3% were...

Since 1997 the Netherlands has a tax allowance scheme introduced to promote investments in energy saving technologies and sustainable energy production. This Energy Investment Tax Allowance (EIA in Dutch) reduces up-front investment costs for firms investing in the newest energy saving and...

This Annual Report details the Bank's activities in environment and natural resources during 2003. In 2003, the most significant development on the environment within the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) was the adoption of the new Environment Strategy in June. It is based on the...

his paper addresses the question of what the future role for hydro might be in meeting the electricity needs of LAC, what issues are involved and what actions the IDB could take to support these developments. Section 2 of the paper summarizes energy resources production and use in the LAC...

Este é o primeiro de dois volumes que constituem o relatório anual do Banco Interamericano de Desenvolvimento. O relatório contém uma descrição das atividades do Banco em 2009 (empréstimos, garantias e operações não reembolsáveis) e, em volume separado, Discussão e Análise da...

This paper summarizes environmental considerations that the Bank should take into account in preparing its new country strategy with Bolivia (2011-2015). Some of these are already contemplated to a certain extent in the existing strategy. Following this introductory section, which briefly...