firms differ in production efficiency. In particular, it examines the welfare effects of a uniform subsidy reduction from … (usually the efficient country) gains while the net importer (usually the inefficient country) loses from a uniform subsidy …

the amount of duty to the amount of the subsidy. This paper examines a generalized model of imperfect competition with … capital subsidies and shows the conditions under which a countervailing duty will offset the effect of the subsidy on exports …. In addition, the paper considers whether profit shifting motives for a subsidy still exist even when this maximum duty is …

policy implications are: (1) the optimal subsidy increases with the percentage of home ownership; (2) the subsidy amount … increases with increased exports, but the subsidy rate decreases; and (3) some variables associated with decreasing home sales … are also associated with a higher probability of a positive subsidy …

, firstly, implement an estimation approach that allows for both direct and indirect ("spillover") effects of the subsidy on the …