The European Union Agency for Network and Information Security (ENISA), is one of the “third generation” of EU agencies, active in the area of cybersecurity. Over a period of years this expert agency’s fundamental regulation has been amended and replaced, and its governing bodies modified....

This paper examines how cybersecurity risk in crypto securities affects asset returns. Hackers steal cryptocurrencies by exploiting bugs in the code. We develop a novel measure of ex-ante cybersecurity risk by counting bug reports from GitHub, which houses the source code that produces crypto...

Artificial Intelligence is ending up being a preferred area in information technology as it has improved the individual life in several locations. Artificial intelligence in the last two decades has greatly improved the performance of the manufacturing as well as company units. Study in the...

Cyber risk arises from contemporary conditions of informational hyperconnectivity and consequent relations of value and dependence. As the Covid-19 pandemic has illustrated, increased use of and reliance upon digital networks and systems has heightened awareness of these dynamics and deepened...

This paper highlights the emerging supervisory practices that contribute to effective cybersecurity risk supervision, with an emphasis on how these practices can be adopted by those agencies that are at an early stage of developing a supervisory approach to strengthen cyber resilience. Financial...