Comparisons between European and North American sports leagues have occurred over the years. In this paper, we attempt to bring these comparisons down to the essential elements – what has come to be called Rottenberg's (1956) invariance principle and theoretical insights into attempts to alter...

Using a data base of the movements of over two thousand professional footballers in the top two divisions of the English Football League between 1969 and 1995, this article examines the impact on talent distribution through the movement of players after gate-revenue sharing was abandoned in this...