Numerous studies have addressed the question of the econometric specification of the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC). This paper adds preliminary results on nonstationarity and its effect on functional form using a panel data set for the U.S. by state from 1929 to 1994. It is found that...

A Monte Carlo investigation is used to examine the performance of two commonly used tests for Granger causality for univariate and bivariate nonstationary ARMA (p,q) processes. Tests are applied to raw data, first differences of the raw data, and detrended versions of the series. The results...

The performance of the FPE, AIC, HQ and SC criteria in choosing lag-length, and the effect on the impulse-response functions, are studied in a Monte Carlo simulation. The experiments include stationary, cointegrated, and mixed unit root VAR and MA cases.

This paper examines two interrelated issues in commodity markets, namely, the cyclical relationship between stocks and commodities and the function of commodity and agribusiness indexes in portfolios. A high negative correlation has existed between stock and commodity prices over the past 140...

This study examines the role of price competitiveness and foreign activity in Ghana’s export performance. Using an augmented VAR model in conjunction with modified Wald tests, causal relationships are tested between real effective exchange rates, foreign GDP and both total and agricultural...

A review of literature on applications of Granger causality to problems in international agricultural economics research is summarized. The review relates to cointegration theory, and it identifies the areas where recent econometric developments may be of value. Testing procedures are outlined,...

The forecasting performance of various multivariate as well as univariate ARIMA models is evaluated in the presence of nonstationarity. The results indicate the importance of identifying the characteristics of the time series by testing for types of nonstationarity. Procedures that permit model...