Tverdostup, Maryna; Ghodsi, Mahdi; Leitner, Sandra M. - 2025
Labour shortages in Europe have led firms to adopt two key strategies: automation and the employment of migrants. This …-based employment records. Employing Poisson pseudo-maximum likelihood (PPML) estimations, we analyse firm-level employment decisions … than substitution. However, automation appears to reduce the employment of highly educated migrant workers relative to …