Restricted access to finance is often stated as one of the main obstacles to the development of the SME sector in Russia. In this paper, we propose a new lending strategy that allows private banks to profitably increase financing of this sector in spite of being at a disadvantage compared to the...

In economic theory, utility depends on past, present and future outcomes. The experiment described in this paper suggests that utility also depends on people's attitudes, and that it can easily be manipulated through these attitudes. The results imply, first, that purely outcome-based models of...

Private banks often blame state guarantees to distort competition by giving public banks the advantage of lower funding costs. In this paper I show that if borrowers perceive the public bank as supporting economic development, private banks may be able to separate amp;#64257;rms by self selection,...

The paper introduces the concept of adjustment utility, that is, reference-dependent utility from expectations. It offers an explanation for observed preferences that cannot be explained with existing models, and yields new predictions for individual decision making. The model gives a simple...

Die Covid-19-Pandemie verursacht weltweit erhebliche Verwerfungen in Gesellschaft und Wirtschaft. Kurz- und mittelfristigen Finanzhilfen zur Abmilderung der akuten Folgen von Corona müssen so ausgerichtet werden, dass sie gleichzeitig den langfristig nötigen Wandel hin zu einer nachhaltigen...

This report provides a comprehensive overview of climate cost modelling, from the perspective of damage costs and mitigation costs respectively. It also provides guidance for policymakers on which framework shall be used to derive climate costs for different policy objectives. For both...

Three results emerge from a simple experiment on imitation. First, I find behavior which strongly suggests an intention to imitate. Second, players imitate successful other players rather than repeating successful actions. Third, to find imitation examples, players use several periods of memory....