This study investigates environmental R&D (ER&D) risk choice by polluting duopoly firms under environmental corporate … social responsibility (ECSR) guideline. We show that the ER&D risk level under cooperative ER&D is always higher than under …&D activities on their risk choices. …

significant impact in the short run. On the other hand, geopolitical risk exhibits a significant negative relationship with …, climate-related risks present complex dynamics: the Transition Risk Index shows a significant negative impact on long …-term economic growth while exhibiting a positive influence in the short term. Conversely, the Physical Risk Index positively impacts …