Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance has provided over US$16 billion in funding for vaccination expansion in low-income countries since its founding in 1999. We exploit differential timing in Gavi support across countries and vaccines to estimate the effects of this large-scale public health initiative....

Beginning in 1999, the Chinese government initiated a substantial restructuring of its roughly 4,000 research institutes. While many were given specific classifications to designate their institute objectives, many were left unconverted. We use a novel, fifteen-year panel dataset on China’s...