As compared to the earlier generations of mobile communications (1G to 4G), the fifth one (5G) is a major business, regulatory, and technical discontinuity. Furthermore, unlike the previous generations, 5G is also much more of a geopolitical and geoeconomic battleground. These shifts are neither...

This study evaluates the impacts of public subsidies on firms in energy-intensive industries, focusing on R&D subsidies and compensation subsidies. Using firm-level data from Finnish energy-intensive industries between 2010 and 2022, it examines how these subsidies influence firm competitiveness...

How do high wage countries stay rich in a global digital economy? How Revolutionary was the Digital Revolution constructs a framework for analyzing the international digital era: one that examines the ability of political actors to innovate and experiment in spite of, or perhaps because of, the...