Motivated by an endogenity issue between score margin and penalty events, this paper tests for ethnicity discrimination among NHL referees by analyzing over 2.6 million player shifts. Using duration models to compare the penalty rates of various player–referee ethnicity combinations, we find...

This article presents an empirical methodology that allows one to identify the group being discriminated against by sport referees. Reestimating Price and Wolfers (2010, PW) discrimination in foul-calling analysis with our methodology, we find evidence that only black players are discriminated...