shocks are accounted for, about eighty percent of the poor in both Russia and Poland remain in poverty for at least one year … or transitory shocks. He applies this methodology to household-level panel data for Russia and Poland in the mid-1990s … spending is about fifty percent in Russia, and about 20 percent in Poland. But roughly half of these fluctuations reflect …

been analysed by means of inequality and poverty indices calculated at NUTS 1 and NUTS 2 levels. In order to work out the … presenting similar levels of income concentration, Poland and Italy turned out to follow different regional inequality patterns. …