Luxembourg is a parliamentary representative democracy headed by a constitutional monarch, the Grand Duke. The Constitution dates back to 1868.1 A reform of the Constitution took place in recent years and resulted in a new text that was adopted in December 2022 and entered into force on 1 July...

Article 37 of the Italian Constitution of 1948 states both equality at work between men and women and women's right to working conditions that allow them to fulfil their essential family functions and grant adequate protection to the mother and the child. The ambiguity of this rule rests on the...

The Netherlands is a civil-law country. Its laws are written. The role of case law is small in theory, but in practice it is impossible to understand the law in many fields without taking into account the relevant case law. The primary law-making body is formed by the Dutch Parliament in...

To understand Swedish labour law, it is necessary to understand the dominant role of the social partners. Employees and employers are highly organised (approximately 70 % of employees and 95 % of employers). Conflicts are largely resolved through collective bargaining, while legislation plays a...

The Slovak Republic is a country of 5.4 million people. In addition to Slovak nationals, a wide range of minority groups live in the country. The largest groups are Hungarians (7.75 %) and the Roma minority. The official number of Roma in the last census (2021) was 67 179 (1.23 %), although the...