The Austrian legal system follows the civil law tradition, meaning that primary legal sources are generally codified. Decisions by courts and administrative bodies do not count as authoritative legal sources per se (no official adherence to precedent). Nonetheless, such decisions - especially by...

Latvia's legal system belongs to the continental (Romano-Germanic) law system. Latvia's law was significantly influenced by German (and subsequently, Roman) law, especially in areas of civil, administrative and constitutional law. The Constitution (Satversme), adopted in 1922, was drafted using...

Estonia is a multi-party parliamentary democracy. The Estonian Republic declared its independence in 1918, but due to almost half a century of Soviet occupation (1944-1991), modern equality law came into existence only in 1992 with the adoption of the new Constitution. Estonia became a member of...

The legal standard of protection against discrimination on the ground of disability is considerably higher than the minimum requirements of Directive 2000/78/EC. From 2012, provinces and the Federation set up institutions such as monitoring boards in order to implement the UN Convention on the...

The Grand Duchy of Luxembourg is characterised by cultural diversity and the common use of several languages. Its population is quite homogeneous, with the vast majority of foreigners being European Union citizens, most of whom are Catholics by religion. The Grand Duchy of Luxembourg has one of...

A new coalition Government was formed on 7 January 2020, comprising the Socialist Party and the Unidas Podemos (a coalition of leftist political parties). During 2022, Law 15/2022, of 12 July, comprehensively covering equal treatment and non-discrimination, was passed, which completed the...