Society in Czechia, a country with a population of 10.5 million, has become increasingly homogenous during its post-war history. In 1945, as part of the settlements following the Second World War, legislation was approved to expatriate most Germans (the largest minority in Czechoslovakia) and...

The Republic of Lithuania is a unitary state where legislative authority is vested in the central government. The regulatory authority is vested in the Parliament (the Seimas), whereas the implementation and execution of legislation belongs to the main competences of the Government (Vyriausybė)...

Lithuania regained its independence from the Soviet Union in 1990. The current Constitution was approved by referendum in 1992. On 1 May 2004 Lithuania joined the European Union, requiring significant changes to be made to the legal system in little over a decade to meet EU and international...

In 2018, Turkey transformed from a parliamentary system to a quasi-presidential political system (as of 9 July 2018). In principle, the amended Constitution of Turkey (1982) provides for a separation of executive, legislative and judicial powers. However, under the new system there are certain...

The authority to enact laws is vested in the Swedish Parliament (the Riksdag). The Government, however, has the power to issue decrees concerning less important matters. To some extent this power stems directly from the Instrument of Government (1974:152), one of Sweden's four constitutional...

Austrian legislation is based on the constitutional principles of the Federal Constitutional Act (Bundes-Verfassungsgesetz), additional constitutional legislation, the Federal Financial Constitution Act (Finanzverfassungsesetz) and the provincial constitutional acts for the nine provinces...

Lithuania regained its independence from the Soviet Union in 1990. The current Constitution was approved by referendum in 1992. On 1 May 2004 Lithuania joined the European Union, requiring significant changes to be made to the legal system in little over a decade to meet EU and international...

The Slovak Republic is a country of 5.4 million people. In addition to Slovak nationals, a wide range of minority groups live in the country. The largest groups are Hungarians (8.5 %) and the Roma minority. The official number of Roma in the last census (2011) was 105 738 (2 %), although the...

The national legal system in Liechtenstein is - corresponding to its Constitution - a constitutional hereditary monarchy based on democracy and parliamentary government. Parliament (Landtag) is the representative body of the nation. Its main task is to pass legislation. For a law to enter into...

The Portuguese legal system is mainly a statutory law system, headed by the Portuguese Constitution (PC) and developed by state legislation. Where employment and industrial relations are concerned, the Labour Code (LC) is the essential statutory piece of legislation and it also integrates the...