In Poland, the 1997 Constitution,1 which contains general equality and antidiscrimination clauses, as well as a guarantee of equality between men and women is essential to the legal framework on gender equality. Other universal sources of law are laws, ordinances and ratified international...

European gender equality and anti-discrimination directives were explicitly implemented by the 2006 General Equal Treatment Act and the 2006 Law on Equal Treatment of Soldiers, both federal statutes. Since then, no further explicit implementation by German legislation has taken place. But nearly...

Macedonian national law as an heir of ex-Yugoslav law is a continental, civil-law system. The court system is based on strict hierarchy, with basic courts, appellate courts and one Supreme Court. Discrimination was criminalised by the Penal Code (article 417) in 1996, although there has been no...

The Icelandic legal system is a civil law system based on the Danish model. Its most prevalent feature is that its core principles are codified in a referable system, which serves as the primary source of law. The Constitution of the Republic of Iceland No. 33/1944 is the highest source of law...

The Netherlands is a civil law country. Its laws are written. The role of case law is small in theory, but in practice it is impossible to understand the law in many fields without taking into account the relevant case law. The primary law-making body is formed by the Dutch Parliament in...

Macedonia (FYR), a South-East European land-locked multi-ethnic country, declared its independence in 1991, following Yugoslavia's dissolution. It has been a candidate for European Union membership since 2005, and has held a conditional invitation to join the North-Atlantic Treaty Organization...