The Czech legal system belongs to the Germanic branch of continental legal culture. Written law is the basis of the legal order, and the most important sources of law are legal regulations (acts of Parliament, as well as government or ministerial orders), international treaties (once they have...

There have been great social and political changes in Spain in the last 40 years. Major transformations have taken place in the country's social structure, forming a much more diverse society in ethnic and religious (and other) terms. One of the greatest changes has been Spain's transformation...

Sweden was until recently a fairly homogenous country. It is also a strongly secular country, albeit within a Lutheran Church tradition. Its population is only around 9.6 million. However, the proportion of foreign-born inhabitants increased from 6.7 % in 1970 to 19.1 % in 2010 and continues to...

The Slovak Republic is a country of 5.4 million people. In addition to Slovak nationals, a wide range of minority groups live in the country. The largest groups are Hungarians (8.5 %) and the Roma minority. The official number of Roma in the last census (2011) was 105 738 (2 %), although the...

The key to the French legal approach to racism and discrimination is based on the abstract universalistic formal concept of equality, enshrined in a range of instruments, including the Constitutions of 1946 and 1958. The resulting legal framework has developed along two complementary lines: the...

Until the end of the 1980s, Finland was one of the most culturally homogeneous countries in Europe. The number of immigrants was minimal. In the 1990s a major shift from emigration into immigration took place, and the number of foreign citizens grew from 26 300 in 1990 to 168 000 in 2010....

Denmark is a constitutional monarchy, consisting of Denmark, Greenland and the Faroe Islands. Greenland and the Faroe Islands are not members of the EU. The Danish judicial system is based on the traditions of civil law as in continental Europe and is more or less divided into private law and...

The jurisdictional system of Luxembourg consists of both a judicial and an administrative order. The Constitutional Court can be added to these. Thus the judicial order consists of the Constitutional Court and the instances of the judicial order which are the Superior Court of Justice, the...

The Czech legal system belongs to the Germanic branch of continental legal culture. Written law is the basis of the legal order, and the most important sources of law are legal regulations (acts of Parliament, as well as government or ministerial orders), international treaties (once they have...