Cyprus is a unitary presidential republic. Until 1960, when Cyprus became independent, the legal system was based on the English legal system, which applied the principles of common law and equity. Following independence in 1960 the English legal system was largely preserved. Currently, the...

The principle of equality is recognised by Articles 10 (equality of women and men) and 11 (equality of Belgian citizens without discrimination) of the Constitution. Under Belgium's federal structure, policy competences are divided between three entities: the Federal State, the regions (the...

In 1992, Croatia was recognised by the UN as an independent state. From 1991 to 1995 Croatia was in a state of war. After a period of rather authoritarian leadership and isolation from the international community, Croatia changed direction in the late nineties. Croatia has been a Member State of...

There have been great social and political changes in Spain over the past 45 years. Major transformations have taken place in the country's social structure, forming a much more diverse society in ethnic and religious (and other) terms. Two of the major interrelated changes have been a...

As Turkey is not a member of the European Union, Directives 2000/43/EC and 2000/78/EC have not been transposed or implemented. The Law on the Human Rights and Equality Institution of Turkey (No. 6701), the anti-discrimination law adopted in 2016, prohibits direct, indirect and multiple...

The German legal system is a federal, statutory law system. The centre of legal thought and practice is the parliamentary statute (although the practice - as we will see - is far more differentiated and fuzzy). The system is hierarchical: federal law takes precedence over state law, and every...

The United Kingdom (UK) comprises England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland (NI), with the term Great Britain (GB) used to refer to England, Wales and Scotland. The UK formally left the EU on 31 January 2020, with EU law continuing to apply in the UK until the end of the transition period on...