Poland is a unified state with a uniform legal system of continental type. The supreme legal act in Poland is the 1997 Constitution, which, among other things, declares that the Republic of Poland is a democratic state that follows the rule of law, implementing the principles of social justice...

The German legal system is a federal, statutory law system. The centre of legal thought and practice is the parliamentary statute (although the practice - as we will see - is far more differentiated and fuzzy). The system is hierarchical: federal law takes precedence over state law, and every...

There have been great social and political changes in Spain over the past 44 years. Major transformations have taken place in the country's social structure, forming a much more diverse society in ethnic and religious (and other) terms. Two of the major interrelated changes have been a...

Society in Czechia, a country with a population of 10.5 million, has become increasingly homogenous during its post-war history. In 1945, as part of the settlements following the Second World War, legislation was approved to expatriate most Germans (the largest minority in Czechoslovakia) and...

The Republic of Lithuania is a unitary state where legislative authority is vested in the central government. The regulatory authority is vested in the Parliament (the Seimas), whereas the implementation and execution of legislation belongs to the main competences of the Government (Vyriausybė)...

Lithuania regained its independence from the Soviet Union in 1990. The current Constitution was approved by referendum in 1992. On 1 May 2004 Lithuania joined the European Union, requiring significant changes to be made to the legal system in little over a decade to meet EU and international...

In 2018, Turkey transformed from a parliamentary system to a quasi-presidential political system (as of 9 July 2018). In principle, the amended Constitution of Turkey (1982) provides for a separation of executive, legislative and judicial powers. However, under the new system there are certain...

The authority to enact laws is vested in the Swedish Parliament (the Riksdag). The Government, however, has the power to issue decrees concerning less important matters. To some extent this power stems directly from the Instrument of Government (1974:152), one of Sweden's four constitutional...

Austrian legislation is based on the constitutional principles of the Federal Constitutional Act (Bundes-Verfassungsgesetz), additional constitutional legislation, the Federal Financial Constitution Act (Finanzverfassungsesetz) and the provincial constitutional acts for the nine provinces...

Lithuania regained its independence from the Soviet Union in 1990. The current Constitution was approved by referendum in 1992. On 1 May 2004 Lithuania joined the European Union, requiring significant changes to be made to the legal system in little over a decade to meet EU and international...