On Java, land leasing functions as a credit instrument when the entire rent is paid in advance. The rights obtained by the tenant/lender are the 'price' of the loan made to the land owner/borrower. A model of such transactions shows that the area leased and duration of the lease are substitutes...

In some parts of Java the bawon system of harvesting, that is, the traditional rice harvesting system whereby harvesters are rewarded with a share of crop, has changed markedly during the last two decades. These changes have involved the harvesting tools as well as the contractual arrangements...