Germany is the laggard of Europe, yet the country is world champion in merchandise exports. The paper tries to solve this theoretical and empirical puzzle by diagnosing a pathological export boomʺ and a bazaar effectʺ. Excessively high wages defended by unions and the welfare state against the...

The article advances the hypothesis that Germany is unable to increase its gains from trade dispite increasing trading volumes. High and rigid German wages largely result from the minimum wage constraint imposed by a welfare state that offers generous replacement incomes. Confronted by low-wage...