Substantial initiatives are occurring in developing countries to integrate forage crops into crop–livestock systems to improve farmer livelihoods and reduce soil erosion. In particular, government authorities in western China focus on improving farmer livestock profits through greater forage...

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore the endogenous relationship between production specialisation and market commercialisation with an empirical study of farmers in Northwest China. Design/methodology/approach The three-stage least squares were used to address simultaneity and...

The rapidly growing beef cattle herd of the Peoples Republic of China is largely carried as small numbers of animals on smallholder farms. These enterprises have traditionally focussed on cereal and vegetable crops. Limited plantings of specialised forages combined with a poor knowledge of...