The purpose of this article is to investigate the properties of equilibrium in a market with a leader. In particular, we examine how the equilibrium values depend on existing competitors. When the number of competitors is exogenously given, most equilibrium values, including the leader’s...

This paper examines the effects of exclusive dealing contracts offered by an incumbent distributor. The traditional literature has focused solely on exclusive dealing contracts offered by incumbent manufacturers, which derive multiple equilibria within homogeneous price competition models. In...

This paper examines the effects of exclusive dealing contracts in a simple model with manufacturers-distributors relations. We consider entrants in both manufacturing and distribution sectors. It is well-known that a potential entry threat is welfare increasing under homogenous price...

This paper explains the corporate revival process of Nitto Kougyou, a famous golf courses managing company in Japan. After the crash of bubbles in Japan, the profit condition of Nitto Kougyou dropped drastically. Goldman Sachs bought this company in 2001 and filed for court-mandated...

This paper explains the corporate revival process of Snow Brand Milk Products Co. Ltd. (Yuki-Jirushi), a famous dairy-products company in Japan. As a result of a string of scandals, Yuki-Jirushi experienced sudden drops of sales and profits. In order to improve the profit condition, Yuki-Jirushi...

This study considers the anti-competitive effect of fixed-fee pricing, such as the one seen in a recent antitrust case in Japan. We show that fixed-fee pricing has stronger exclusionary effect than the per-use pricing's exclusionary effect. However, the restriction on usage of fixed-fee pricing...