Water is perhaps the most ubiquitous, and the most essential, of any molecule on earth. Indeed, it defies the imagination of even the most creative science fiction writer to picture what life would be like without water. Despite decades of research, however, water's puzzling properties are not...

Liquids with quasi-chemical bonding between molecules are described in terms of vertex model. It is shown that this bonding results in liquid–liquid phase transition, which takes place between phases with different mean density of intermolecular bonds. The transition may be suggested to be a...

We study a three-dimensional system of particles interacting via spherically symmetric pair potentials consisting of several discontinuous steps. We show that at certain values of the parameters describing the potential, the system has three first-order phase transitions between fluids of...