The accurate state-of-charge (SOC) estimation of power Li-ion batteries is one of the most important issues for battery management system (BMS) in electric vehicles (EVs). Temperature has brought great impact to the accuracy of the SOC estimation, which greatly depends on appropriate battery...

The state-of-charge (SOC) is a critical parameter of a Li-ion battery pack. Differences among in-pack cells are inevitable and can change the total capacity of a pack and the remaining available capacity. Because the traditional methods for the estimation of the SOC of a pack did not consider...

Cell inconsistency is inevitable due to manufacturing constraint. Therefore, cell equalization is essentially required. In this paper, we propose a novel active equalization method based on the remaining capacity of cells which is feasible for lithium-ion battery packs in electric vehicles...

The accurate state-of-charge (SOC) estimation and real-time performance are critical evaluation indexes for Li-ion battery management systems (BMS). High accuracy algorithms often take long program execution time (PET) in the resource-constrained embedded application systems, which will...

The state-of-charge (SOC) is a critical index in battery management system (BMS) for electric vehicles (EVs). However in the energy storage systems, the available energy also acts as a significant role. Through the estimating result of state-of-energy (SOE), we can further estimate how long the...

The process of implementation of the rural three industries integration in China is still in its initial stage; however, it has essential meaning to achieve the integration of urban and rural resources, development of modern agriculture, and raise of farmers' income. To study the causal...