In 2013 the Russian economy entered a new phase of socio-economic development. The period of tempestuous development, during which the primary trends and objectives had been those of recovery and which had lasted almost twelve years (1999–2012), had come to an end. The crisis of 2009 did not...

If the authorities have the opportunity to receive incomes uncontrolled by society, this gives them great freedom of action. Such incomes do not depend on the quality of the public goods delivered, nor on the investment climate. Given a certain minimal level of organization, taxpayers can try to...

This work gives a review of the history of how a number of institutions emerged in developed countries. The authors attempt to analyse a connection between this process and the current economic growth phenomenon. The authors believe that stremgthenning guarantees of personal immunity provided...

This research is devoted to political and economic aspects of closed democracy institutions afoot. The book describes basic approaches to contrastive analysis in this field, typical problems that cause deviations in democratic institutional system’s development and major conditions and ways to...

The austerity vs stimulus discussion among economists and politicians is gaining momentum. Not surprisingly, both parties are actively appealing to the memory of John Maynard Keynes who, indeed, put forth the idea of economic stimulus but never recommended that it be used on a scale as massive...

The backwardness of Russia when compared to the countries of Western Europe was apparent at turn of the 17th and 18th centuries, when, it is generally considered, Russian economic growth began. From that time on, overcoming this backwardness, reducing the gap between Russia and the more...

It was always maintained by Soviet theorists that the distinguishing feature of the Soviet socialist or Communist economy would be centralized economic planning. This was their sine qua non and all discussions over the Soviet economic model revolved around two questions: what should be the...

It has become popular in Russia to speak about the crash of the Western economic model and liberal capitalism and this talk may make some sense from the political point of view. All of economic history shows that however harsh a crisis may be and whatever stage of capitalism’s decomposition is...