The 1990s saw the emergence of a new research agenda focused on enduring rivalries, longstanding competitions between the same pair of states. The original Diehl & Goertz dataset on international rivalries has been perhaps the most widely used collection to study those rivalries. Here, that...

This article looks conceptually and empirically at how international norms influence state behavior. Using the decolonization norm as an example, guidelines are developed for the conceptualization, measurement, and testing of international norms and their effects on state behavior. In...

This article identifies the general criteria for inclusion of cases in the territorial change data set and describes basic patterns on some relevant dimensions of territorial changes. The data set, which identifies and codes all territorial changes involving at least one nation-state (as defined...

Standard conflict management studies treat individual conflict management attempts, whether the same or different techniques, as independent of one another across time and space. This article considers the implications and lays out research agenda for several configurations that relax that...

In a large fraction of all cases where a state faces an immediate military threat, it chooses to respond without resort to the threat, display, or use of military force. We seek to account for this phenomenon of nonmilitary response and to assess the utility of this strategy. We present a series...

This article asks a new question: what are the processes that maintain rivalries? The authors argue that rivalries are maintained through the failure of realist strategies and conflict management ones. They focus on stalemate outcomes as both a signal that militarized strategies for dealing with...

Throughout history, conflict has more often been rooted in territorial concerns than abstract political goals. Drawing on new data, the article describes and classifies territorial changes involving at least one recognized nation-state over the period 1816-1980. Among the dimensions analyzed are...