By using a vector autoregression (VAR) model, this paper examines the relationship between openness and environmental degradation in China. The empirical results suggest that, during 1981--2008, the long-run equilibrium relation between China's foreign trade, foreign direct investment (FDI) and...

Interactive Management (IM; Warfield & Cárdenas, 1994) is one of group decision-making methods that apply to the management of complexity. Its products are called interpretive structural models. The IM results have been proved effective for solving complicated problems and reaching consensus...