This article empirically examines the external effect of family literacy on the earnings of illiterate workers. Considering recent findings that rural nonfarm sectors in developing countries are becoming more important in determining the welfare of households, this article tests two hypotheses:...

Education levels of farmers have been measured in a variety of ways in preceding studies. In order to examine whether or not different measures of education have different effects on the behavior of farmers, I first summarize the measures of education and then perform an empirical analysis....

Education production functions are estimated using student-level achievement data for Japanese students, with emphasis on estimating the causal effect of class size on students' academic performance. The empirical results show that students‟ test scores are strongly affected by individual...

The purpose of this article is to quantitatively express the inequalities in Japan's educational system and to verify trends in the recent past. Since the 1950s, the rate of advancement to middle and high school has continued to increase, as has the average number of years of schooling per...