In the future, district heating companies in Sweden must adapt to energy efficiency measures in buildings and variable fuel and electricity prices. Swedish district heating demands are expected to decrease by 1–2% per year and electricity price variations seem to be more unpredictable in the...

The increasing use of fluctuating generation plants like wind turbines and solar power systems, makes new demands on the existing power grid. These are considered to be essential for low-voltage grids. Based on the latest request from the German Federal Government for a progressive improvement...

Concern for the environment has been steadily growing in recent years, and it is becoming more common to include environmental impact and pollution costs in the design problem along with construction, investment and operating costs.

Recent work has shown that for high-penetration renewable electricity systems, it is less expensive to install higher capacity of renewables and to allow generation to exceed load during some hours, rather than to build so much storage that all electricity can be used to meet electrical load....

Heat pumps have rapidly gained popularity in the Nordic area, as they are marketed to provide considerable monetary savings and CO2 emission reductions. Heat pumps are installed even in buildings heated by CHP (combined heat and power production). In this paper we calculate CO2 emission factors...

Environmental awareness increases, with demands for environmental certifications of new communities and buildings as a result. In the district heating industry, enabling of decentralized energy production is one way to meet requirements from customers. In this paper the technical impact of...

Buildings' heating represents an important share of the total energy consumption in Italy, and to reach the challenging decarbonization targets set by the EU by 2050, a combination of measures and technologies will be required. This working paper presents an analysis of different scenarios...

Addressing the growing concerns of climate change necessitates the decarbonisation of energy sectors globally. The heating sector is the largest energy end-use, accounting for almost half of the total energy consumption in most countries. This paper presents an extensive review of previous works...