Although researchers have shown that purchasing longevity insurance at retirement guarantees pensioners of a high annual income for the rest of their lives, most retirees (who have a choice) choose to take the lump sum and self-manage the portfolio. This is a long-standing puzzle called the...

The improvements in mortality rates have been under investigation in many studies across the 20th century, especially in developed countries. Current literature assumes that mortality indice can be forecasted independently through the model ARIMA (Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average)....