, depending on whether it appears in the form of rises in income or in education: A higher income level reduces democracy, whereas … more education leads to both more democracy and more repression. These theoretical findings are corroborated by panel data …

historical role to play in pushing for democratic reforms, as well as being key to defending democracy today. …

We reassess the empirical evidence for a positive relationship between income and democracy, commonly known as the … “modernization hypothesis,” using discrete democracy measures. While discrete measures have been advocated in the literature, they … role for income in democracy, while under the Wooldridge method we obtain much smaller and not always statistically …

, depending on whether it appears in the form of rises in income or in education: A higher income level reduces democracy, whereas … more education leads to both more democracy and more repression. These theoretical findings are corroborated by panel data …