Studies employing within-subjects designs may be compared with those employing between-subjects designs in a variety of ways. We discuss and illustrate the comparisons of variabilities, including within-condition variances and precisions as well as the comparisons of means and of mean...

Randomized experiments suffering from missing data and noncompliance are a recurring problem for experimenters whose subjects are human. Until recently, analysts of such broken randomized experiments were largely forced to squeeze the data into the idealized template of the randomized experiment...

For estimating causal effects of treatments, randomized experiments are appropriately considered the gold standard, although they are often infeasible for a variety of reasons. Nevertheless, nonrandomized studies can and should be designed to approximate randomized experiments by using only...