regressions. Findings – During the study time period, MFIs involved in the provision of group loans and with a higher percentage … of loans to women had lower costs. The presence of subsidies is also found to be associated with higher MFI costs. Social … implications – Providing financial services to women, and use of group loans was associated with lower costs in Eastern Europe and …

I examine the incidence and determinants of the gender income gap in Kazakhstan, Macedonia, Moldova, Serbia, Tajikistan … substantively large gender income gap (favoring males) in all six countries; (2) some evidence of a gender-related glass ceiling in … decreasing the gender income gap in these former formally gender neutral economies - notably through attention towards the …