The analysis showed that if death is postponed into older ages, HCE (and HC budgets) would not increase to the same extent if these factors were ignored. Such factors would be ignored if the population that is in their last year(s) of life were not taken into consideration when obtaining cost...

The contemporary labour market is widely regarded as having become more "flexible". It is proposed that such flexibility is a characteristic of employment histories which will have effects on psychosocial status, health-related behaviour, and physical health. Recent increases in flexibility are...

Both subjective and objective measures of lower social position have been shown to be associated with poorer health. A psychosocial, as opposed to material, aetiology of health inequalities predicts that subjective social status should be a stronger determinant of health than objective social...

Many studies have demonstrated the graded association between socioeconomic position and health. Few of these studies have examined the cumulative effect of socioeconomic position throughout the lifecourse, and even fewer have included women. Those that have explored gender differences affirm...

The Scottish Heart Health Study (SHHS), which recruited 5123 men and 5236 women between 1984 and 1986, was set up in part to investigate geographical variation in coronary heart disease in Scotland. Multilevel models are particularly appropriate for such hierarchical data, in which the...

Many studies have suggested that occupational stress may be related to the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD), independently of other known risk factors. Despite the recognition of job satisfaction as a particular form of stress, however, few studies have examined its association with...