Coastal ecosystems are inimitable in view of their frailty as compared to terrestrial ecosystems, and yet in their indispensability in preserving the terrestrial ecosystems being the first line of defence against hazards of oceanic origin. More often than not, these are more precious in terms of...

In 2015, the 21st Conference of the Parties reaffirmed the target of keeping the global mean temperature rise below 2 °C or 1.5 °C by 2100 while finding no consensus on how to decarbonize the global economy. In this regard, the speed of decarbonization reflects the (in)flexibility of...

Changes in the climate will have a major impact on the Dutch economy and environment. According to official Dutch climate scenario’s, at the end of the century the sea level will have increased by between 35 and 85 cm. This paper investigates major policy options for the IJsselmeer-area to...