This paper develops a simple but innovative integrated optimization approach (IOA) for deriving the best solutions of component sizing and control strategies of a hybrid energy system (HES) which consists of a lithium battery and a supercapacitor module. To implement IOA, a multiple for-loop...

This paper develops a real-time automotive air propulsion system for light-duty vehicles. This system consists of a high-pressure air tank, an electric-controlled throttle valve, and a vane-type air motor. The isentropic-nozzle element and control volume concepts were introduced with their...