Export restrictions imposed on various food products and natural resources have been subject to extensive public attention. Most recently, China's restrictions of its exports of certain minerals and rare earth metals have led to heated debates. The United States (US), European Union (EU), and...

It is widely recognized that the World Trade Organization (WTO) law on export restrictions is an area of 'under-regulation'--as it neither defines the circumstances that justify quantitative restrictions nor regulates export duties. There are also additional legal uncertainties due to the...

In recent years, international grain markets have been exposed to considerable price volatility which was partly caused by supply shocks driven by extreme climate events affecting major grain exporters. In addition, a number of exporting countries resorted to distortive trade measures in the...