The Uppsala internationalisation model developed the concept of psychic distance in the international business literature and proposed that firms select international markets based on 'psychic proximity'. The actual operationalisation of psychic distance in research is usually undertaken by...

Purpose – Uppsala internationalisation theory is highly utilised due to its simplicity and applicability. However, there are contrasting results on its assumption that firms follow a gradual internationalisation process. Literature shows that firm strategies (e.g. targeting a niche market) and...

Purpose – Grounded in the Uppsala model, the purpose of this paper is to investigate specific firm factors of fashion service retailers, which include: product category offering, firm experience (limited vs extensive) and firm size (small vs large) and examines how variations in these firm...