Detailed far-infrared (FIR) and mid-infrared (MIR) studies of aluminum small particles have been carried out. MIR absorption studies of clustered and non-clustered samples suggest that the anomalous FIR absorption does not arise from the clustering together of the individual metallic particles....

For the sustainable production of transportation fuel from renewable resources, the production of biobutanol via ABE (acetone–butanol–ethanol) fermentation was investigated using the acid hydrolysate of short-rotation coppice willow as a raw material. Two-year-old willow bark and woody core...