It is striking that there is little or no mention in the TTIP debate so far of the US-EU Mutual Recognition Agreement (MRA) concluded in 1998. At the time, expectations of the gains from the MRA were high. One should expect the MRA to be instructive for TTIP and entail some lessons to be learned...

I develop an index for economic integration accounting for its gradual and bilateral nature: the Gradual And Bilateral Integration (GABI) index. The graduality captures differences in the depth and path of five stages in economic integration and is an improvement over the use of binary dummy...

The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), which entered into force on 1 January 1994, is an agreement between Mexico, Canada and the United States to ensure that covered goods and services fall under a comprehensive free trade agreement among the three countries. NAFTA included, in...

The EU is negotiating a trade and investment deal with the US - the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership, or TTIP. Of course, like any trade agreement, TTIP would intensify competition, in this case between companies in the EU and US. This could be challenging for some. But overall,...

The EU is negotiating a trade and investment deal with the US - the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership, or TTIP. Of course, like any trade agreement, TTIP would intensify competition, in this case between companies in the EU and US. This could be challenging for some. But overall,...

With TTIP, we want to help people and businesses large and small by: opening up the United States to EU firms; helping cut the red tape firms face when exporting; setting rules to make it easier and fairer to export, import and invest. This guide explains TTIP's contents in detail.

With TTIP, we want to help people and businesses large and small by: opening up the United States to EU firms; helping cut the red tape firms face when exporting; setting rules to make it easier and fairer to export, import and invest. This guide explains TTIP's contents in detail.

With TTIP, we want to help people and businesses large and small by: - opening up the United States to EU firms; - helping cut the red tape firms face when exporting; - setting rules to make it easier and fairer to export, import and invest. This guide explains TTIP's contents in detail.

With TTIP, we want to help people and businesses large and small by: - opening up the United States to EU firms; - helping cut the red tape firms face when exporting; - setting rules to make it easier and fairer to export, import and invest. This guide explains TTIP's contents in detail.