The Japanese candlesticks' technique is one of the well-known graphic methods of dynamic analysis of securities. If we apply Japanese candlesticks for the analysis of high-frequency financial data, then we need a numerical representation of any Japanese candlestick. Kacprzak et al. have proposed...

The behavioural present value is usually modelled as fuzzy subset in the real line. In following paper the behavioural present value is applied to explain financial market paradox of simultaneous buying and selling a financial instrument by investors, which occurs despite following the same...